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Updated September 2022
Download a PDF copy of this Fact sheet - Scope of practice and capabilities of nurses and midwives (91.1 KB,PDF)
The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) regulates the practice of nursing and midwifery in Australia and one of its key roles is to protect the public. The NMBA does this by developing standards, codes and guidelines which together establish the requirements for the professional and safe practice of nurses and midwives in Australia. The NMBA undertakes its functions as set by the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law, as in force in each state and territory (the National Law).
Under the National Law, nursing and midwifery are recognised as two separate professions and there are two divisions of nursing, registered nurse and enrolled nurse. In addition to registered nurses, enrolled nurses and midwives, there are also nurse practitioners. Each of these titles are protected under the National Law with each having different education, knowledge, skills and standards for practice and different responsibilities and activities.
This guidance on the scope of practice and capabilities of nurses and midwives provides a high-level overview of the NMBA’s registration standards, standards for practice, codes and guidelines. It has been developed as guidance for stakeholders such as employers, private and public health services, and other health practitioners, on the varying roles and scope of practice of registered nurses, enrolled nurses, nurse practitioners and midwives. Employers can use the information as a starting point, when determining which practitioner best suits the needs and requirements of their health service. It can also provide clarity and guidance to the public when receiving care and treatment from a nurse or midwife.
The information in the following tables clarifies the educational outcomes, provides examples of core activities and fundamental differences between each NMBA health practitioner category. While the tables provide examples of some core activities that nurses and midwifes carry out in practice, throughout their careers nurse and midwives continue to develop their knowledge and skills and expand their scope of practice.
Under the National Law there are specific titles which are referred to as ‘protected titles’. Registered nurse (RN), nurse practitioner (NP), enrolled nurse (EN) and midwife are all protected titles. This means that only those registered or endorsed with the NMBA can use these titles in Australia.
The following qualifications and outcomes are necessary for registration/endorsement with the NMBA
Minimum 18 months within the vocational education training (VET) sector, delivered by Registered Training Organisations (RTO).
Students complete a minimum of 400 hours of clinical placement in a variety of settings.
ENs graduate from a competency-based education framework with essential knowledge to manage and complete nursing care under the supervision of an RN, NP or midwife. The supervision can be direct or indirect.
ENs are educated with the essential knowledge required to effectively provide nursing care that is person-centred, informed by evidence, complete delegated care, manage tasks and manage contingencies in the context of the role.
ENs recognise normal and changing health conditions of people in their care.
Study duration: Three years full time (or equivalent), tertiary education (university)
or
Study duration: Two years or equivalent. Graduates commonly complete a supported transition to practice program, though this is not mandatory
Students complete a minimum of 800 hours of clinical placement in a variety of settings.
RNs graduate as generalists with a person-centred approach to practice and an integrated theoretical and practice-based knowledge of care across the lifespan and across all body systems. RN practice is person-centred and evidence-based
During their education RNs develop critical thinking skills that are transferable across the many contexts where RNs work.
RNs have an in-depth scientific knowledge that includes the administration, supply and quality use of medicine.
RNs have foundational skills in communication, relationships and management.
Holds registration as an RN and has 5,000 hours of advanced clinical practice (as defined by the NMBA).
Plus, completion of a:
Study duration: minimum 18 months, tertiary education.
Students complete a minimum of 300 hours of supernumerary clinical practice.
NPs graduate with advanced health assessment skills and diagnostics skills, with a person-centred approach underpinned by clinical research and practice improvement methods.
NPs are educated and authorised to diagnose, prescribe scheduled medicines and order diagnostic investigations.
NPs have advanced skills in communication, research, leadership and clinical practice.
Study duration: Three years full time
Study duration: Two years or equivalent
Post graduate pathway (AQF 8) – for current RNs seeking midwifery registration. Study duration: 12 months
Graduates commonly complete a supported transition to practice program, though this in not mandatory
Students complete a minimum of 10 continuity of care episodes (antenatal, labour and postnatal care) with women and their families.
Midwives graduate with a woman-centred approach to practice and an integrated theoretical and practice-based knowledge of care across the childbearing continuum.
Midwives have an in-depth scientific knowledge that includes the administration, supply and quality use of medicine relevant to midwifery practice.
Midwives have foundational skills in communication, relationships and management.
While the foundational education of RNs, ENs, NPs and midwives in Australia captures the full breadth of the scope of the profession at the graduate entry level, the scope of practice of individual practitioners is influenced by the settings in which they practise. This includes the health needs of people, the level of competence and confidence of the nurse or midwife and the policy requirements of the service provider. As the nurse or midwife gains new skills and knowledge, their individual scope of practice changes.
Sometimes a registered practitioner has a type of registration or conditions on their registration that limit what they can do. The NMBA publishes a list of nurses and midwives who are registered to practise in Australia. The list is called the Register of practitioners. When a nurse or midwife’s name appears on the list, you know that they are registered and whether they have any restrictions or conditions associated with their registration.
ENs provide nursing care as part of a team, contribute to the development of plans of care while working under the supervision of an RN or NP.
ENs have the knowledge and skills to gather and interpret data using observation, interview, physical examination and measurement.
ENs are accountable in providing care that has been delegated to them by an RN or NP, according to the health needs of the person, and that is within their competence.
ENs work as part of a multi-disciplinary team and collaborate with other healthcare workers.
Examples of core EN activities include:
RNs are accountable for the management of people in their care. They conduct comprehensive assessments, develop care plans and coordinate other health workers and resources to provide nursing care.
RNs apply critical thinking and analyse nursing practice, providing safe, appropriate and responsive quality nursing practice.
RNs provide information and education to enable people to make decisions and take action in relation to their health and well-being.
RNs supervise, and when appropriate, delegate care to ENs, student nurses and other healthcare workers.
Examples of core RN activities include:
NP practice is primarily a clinical role. NPs integrate theoretical and advanced practice knowledge to apply to diagnostic reasoning to formulate diagnoses.
NPs have authority to practise independently and collaboratively in multi-disciplinary teams, at an advanced practice level.
NPs supervise ENs, nursing and NP students and other healthcare workers.
Depending on the individual scope of practice, the NP may have the ability and authority to work at an extended or specialist level. This includes providing or assisting with medical or surgical procedures, or advanced care in range of specialist and/or generalist clinical areas.
Examples of core NP activities include many registered nursing activities, and in addition:
Midwives work in partnership with women. Midwives supervise student midwives and other healthcare workers and delegate activities from a midwifery plan of care.
Examples of core midwife activities include:
Endorsed midwives
Midwives who have completed an NMBA-approved prescribing program and are endorsed by the NMBA can prescribe scheduled medicines and order diagnostic investigations.